mous development of varieties created by countless crossings has served to confuse the whole group. What we look for is dull green, rough foliage, often much wrinkled; stiff, upright growth; large flowers of all sorts--white and all colors but yellow; and the characteristics of Gallica, Centifolia, Damascena and the Chinese groups.
     The Hybrid Tea rose scarcely enters into our consideration of old garden roses, although the earliest ones may be found in old gardens. Crossing the Tea rose into the above group brought foliage of a somewhat smoother, deeper green, with less wrinkling, as well as a different type of bloom, growth generally more refined, and a range of colors into which yellow enters. This yellow, however, is not the sunshine yellow of modern roses, but the soft, not very dominating yellow of Tea roses.
     This point brings the question, "What do we do next?" Having allocated our rose to its class, we must go to books. An article within the limits necessarily observed in the American Rose Annual may not include a complete list with descriptive notes about roses known to have been found in this country. It is part of the purpose of this paper to arouse interest and stimulate investigation. There is no easy road to rose knowledge.
     Four books, however, tell what roses were grown and sold here about a half century ago:

    Buist, Robert: The Rose Manual.
     Ellwanger, H. B.: The Rose. (1882 and later.) (No plates, excellent list.)
     Parsons, S. B.: The Rose: Its History, Poetry, Culture, and Classification.
     Prince, William R.: Prince's Manual of Roses.

    Books with colored plates and more or less botanical descriptions are:

     Andrews, H. C.: Roses, or a Monograph of the Genus Rosa.
            (1823.)
     Boitard: Manual Complet de l'Amateur des Roses. (1836.)
     Curtis: Beauties of the Rose. (1853.)
     Jamain and Forney: Les Roses. (1873.)
     Kingsley, Rose G.: Roses and Rose Growing. (1908.)
     Lawrance, Mary: A Collection of Roses from Nature. (1799.)
     Lindley, Dr. John: Rosarum Monographia. (1820.)
     Paul, William: The Rose Garden. (1st Ed. 1848; 9th Ed. 1888.)
     Redoute, P. J.: Les Roses. Text by Thory
           (folio, 1824; 8 vo,1835.)
     Willmott, Ellen: The Genus Rosa. (1914.)

     Other useful books are:

     Bailey: The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture.
           (Rosa and Rose.)
     Bean: Trees and Shrubs of the British Isles. (Rosa.)
     Bunyard: Old Garden Roses. (1936.) With black and white
            plates.
           Jekyll and Mawley: Roses for English Gardens. (1902.)
            With black and white plates.
     Keays: Old Roses. (1935.) Black and white plates.
     Pemberton: Roses. (1902.) With black and white drawings.
     Rehder: Cultivated Trees and Shrubs. (Rosa.)
     Rivers: The Rose Amateur's Guide. (1837 and later.) No plates.

     The books of Dean Hole, Mrs. Gore, Canon Ellacombe, Bright, Hibberd, Hoffman, Weathers, Darlington, Cochet, the Botanical Register and Botanical Magazine of England, Journal des Roses of France, Rosen-Zeitung of Germany are all helpful--if you can find them!
     Many of the books mentioned may be purchased, inexpensively, by keeping in touch with the offerings of English and American dealers in second-hand books. Others which are rare and highly priced may be consulted in libraries. The New York Public Library has all of these and many more. The Congressional Library in Washington has Andrews, Lindley, Redoute, Willmott, and about 20 others. The libraries of the horticultural societies, the botanical gardens and the state colleges have representative collections. Other libraries that are well supplied are the Department of Agriculture in Washington and the Public Library of Portland, Ore. A very complete bibliography of rose literature, listed as to libraries where it may be consulted, may be found in "How to Grow Roses," 1930 edition, by Pyle, McFarland, and Stevens.
     The door to the fascinating study of old rose knowledge has been set ajar. Let those enter who are worthy to enjoy an enlarging study! Let it also be here observed that collections of old roses are being made by the intelligentsia of the rose, and that eventually the hoped-for National Rosarium will include the old roses.