Surfaces of leaf-forms may or may not have clothing. We now speak of pubescence, a most important character.

    Glabrous refers to a surface with no hairs.
     Sub-glabrous refers to a surface with few hairs.
     Glaucous refers to a dull surface that is dusty and powdery.
     Glandular refers to the glands on the surface which may be either sessile or stalked.
     Gland-ciliate refers to a surface or an edge on which the glands are stalked on hairs.

     The margins of leaf-forms are often quite lovely, especially if seen under a magnifying glass. Leaf edges may be singly or doubly cut, and an edge may be wholly or partly entire, having no cuts, as in many stipules and bracts.

     Crenate refers to an edge on which the snips are rounded in form.
     Toothed or dentate refers to an edge cut like a saw at right angle to the edge.
     Denticulate refers to an edge when such teeth are small and fine.
     Serrate refers to an edge when the saw-like teeth are pointed forward.
     Ciliate refers to leaf-forms with fine hairs on the edges like miniature eyelashes.
     Gland-cilate refers to leaf-forms with glands on the edges.
     Laciniate refers to a stipule or bract in which the edge is cut into long, narrow, irregular segments.
     Fimbriate refers to a fringed edge.
     Pectinate refers to an edge in which the long, incised, firm teeth are like a comb.
     The points or tips of stipules, the auricles or ears, are usually divergent. They often have leafy ends or slim points, or are ovate, spatulate (in shape of a spoon or paddle) or they may make a triangle when they are said to be deltoid.

     Inflorescence is the habit a rose has of producing its bloom. Roses may be solitary or in two's or three's, or even more.

     Umbel refers to a form in which all flowers break from one place, as with R. Banksiae.
     Panicle refers to a form in which the flowers break from a central axis with branching clusters arranged along it, as with the Multiflora and Wichuraiana types.
     Corymb refers to a form in which the blooms are born on peduncles, branching away from the central axis, the stems growing shorter toward the top, so blooms come out at about the same level. This is the clustering form most frequently seen.

     Encasing the petals of a rose are the sepals, five in number, based upon the calyx-tube, the future seed hip. Sepals are exceedingly interesting.

     They may be plain with no decoration on sides or tips, ending in a cuspidate or a long slim point; or may be ovate, spatulate or leaf-pointed. Often the sides of the sepals are decorated with little segments, when they are pinnatifid, having pinnules. Again, sepals may have these pinnules an points much compounded, expanded and winged with prettiness, when they are termed foliaceous. These ramifications may be smothered with glands, as are the Moss roses, wherein lies the beauty and charm of a Moss rose-bud. Sepals may remain close to the back of the petals of an open flower, as in Centifolia roses, or may reflex against the calyx-tube, away from the petals, as in Damascena and the Chinese roses then reflexing.

     The shape of the calyx-tube enters into the problem of identification. All of the following forms appear in garden roses. While there may be distortions in shapes, they will be found generally to approximate the accredited shape. They may be:

     Globose (round), sub-globose.
     Depressed-globose (wider than deep, as in Tea roses at times).
     Ovoid, obovoid.
     Pyriform when pear-shaped.
     Turbinate when top or turnip-shaped.
     Urceolate when urn-shaped.

     In many books in which roses are described very definitely, mention is made of the hip or fruit. Miss Willmott elaborates in showing and describing fruits, emphasizing such features as shape, skin, color, clothing, and noting whether they drop the dried sepals (sepals caducous or deciduous), or do not (sepals persistent). Skins may be thick or thin; smooth, setose, hispid, prickly, glandular. The hip may be pulpy like that of the Rugosa or Damascena roses, or it may be dry and hard, as most are. As the green color goes out, hips may become orange, red, maroon, and some become black---brown-black as in Harison's Yellow--or blue-black.
     At last we have come to the consideration of the lovely rose itself. While we always look with pleasure at the petals of a rose, frequently they are of the least importance in deciding where we are to classify our plant.

     We make notes as to whether our bloom is small (1 to 2 inches in diameter), medium (2 to 3 inches), large, (3 to 4 inches), very large (4 to 5 inches), or very small (less than an inch); of its color and shadings, if any; whether it is single (5 petals), semi-double (5 to 10 rows of petals), double (10 to 20 rows), very double (more than 20 rows, but still showing some stamens), full (petals closely packed, stamens imbedded in petals and not showing).