guide us; the old Cabbage Rose, Centifolia, and the Common Moss; the rose-red Gallica; the Damascena; the Double Alba, Rose of the House of York. These roses can be studied as to height, foliage, prickles, blooms, calyces, fragrance and seedhips. Often, perhaps always, the bush will tell us more in these hybrids: than the blooms will. Gallica-Centifolia crosses make up: more than half of the, new roses of a hundred years ago. If the check of dominant points shows that Centifolia dominates, we call the bush a Centifolia, even though it may not have the knotted-up center of, the Cabbage, as in the cupped anemone-like form of the pink Shailer's Provence. If, on the other hand, Gallica predominates, as it did in more than half of these particular crosses, we call the bush a Gallica.
     In the old rose called Bishop which prevails widely in southern Maryland, the two species Centifolia and Gallica are so closely balanced that it was called in the old days a Gallica by some authorities and a Centifolia by others. However, the bush is so tall, prickles are mixed weak and strong, blooms are so full, that it would seem reasonable to consider that those features overbalance the smaller, tougher foliage and the lovely red and purple color of the bloom which could have come only from Gallica partnership. A white Damascena, Mme. Hardy, lacks the pubescence on the foliage and has a full, flat bloom much resembling Centifolia, but looks at you with a green eye.
     There may be three of these old pensioners, within a hybrid, even four, yet one old constituent will hold the mastery. It has been stated that dominance of a sort will hold for three or four generations of crossing. Some features are hard to crack! We can see that in modern roses. In the newest Rugosa hybrids, rating only 20 per cent Rugosa, the persistent character of Rugosa foliage has been creacked by the Hybrid Teas bred into them. At first glance these new Rugosas look like very large Hybrid Tea bushes with a heavy armament of prickles. Evidently the Rugosa prickles remain the most persistent individual feature, hardest to disturb. If you look hard you can see the foliage and flower form of Frau Karl Druschki in many of the newest Hybrid Perpetuals. Foliage of Gloire des Rosomanes can be seen in some new red roses; see Wichuraiana in the growth and foliage of the new Brownell Climbers.